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Non-native or alien species are often introduced in advertently for their economic and other uses. They often become invasive and drive away-the local species. Exotic species have proved harmful to both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. For example, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was introduced in Indian waters to reduce pollution. It was clogged water bodies including wetlands at many places resulting in death of several aquatic plants and animals.
(i) Island water ecosystem are the most vulnerable due to

(ii) Which of the following is not an alien species?

(iii) Second major cause of species extinction is

(iv) Assertion: Eichhornia crassipes drains off oxygen from water and can be seen growing in standing water.
Reason: Eichhornia crassipes is an indigenous species of India.

(v) The population of species P in a certain community was constant until a population species Q from a distant land was subsequently introduced into that community. The interaction between the two populations is reflected in the graph below.

What could be the possible reason for the decrease in the population of species P over a number of days?

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Golden rice was engineered from normal rice by Potrykus and Beyer in the 1990s. The typical golden colour is due to the production of \(\beta\) carotene a precursor of vitamin - A. Golden rice differs from its parental strain by the addition of three \(\beta\) carotene genes. These included two genes from daffodil plant and third from a bacterium. The incorporation of these genes allows the rice plant to modify certain metabolic pathways in its cells to produce \(\beta\)-carotene.
(i) Due to genetic modification golden rice plants produce and store \(\beta\) - carotene in

(ii) Transfer of genes to produce golden rice is achieved by

(iii) In golden rice two genes were taken from

(iv) Golden rice is helpful to fight against disease caused by the deficiency of

(v) Golden rice was genetically engineered by

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Ecosystem diversity is the variety of forms in the ecosystem due to diversity of niches, trophic levels and ecological processes like nutrient recycling, food webs, energy flow, etc. Study the given figure.

(i) Identify different types of diversity denoted by 1, 2 and 3 in the given figure.

(ii) Alpha diversity is biodiversity present

(iii) Diversity represented by diversity of habitats over a total landscape area is

(iv) Concept of three types of ecological diversity was given by

(v) The diversity of organisms sharing the same habitat or community is termed as

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Biosphere reserves are multipurpose protected areas which are meant for preserving genetic diversity in representative ecosystems of various natural biomes and unique biological communities by protecting wild populations, traditional life style of tribals and domesticated plant/animal genetic resources. Each biosphere reserve has three zones-core, buffer and transition zone.
(i) Which of the following is similar to biosphere reserve in terms of conservation?

(ii) Refer to the given figure representing different zones of a biosphere reserve and select the correct option regarding it.

(iii) Refer to the given diagrammatic representation of a biosphere reserve. Select the incorrect statement regarding X, Y and Z.

(i) X is devoted to strict protection of wildlife and no human activity is allowed in this zone.
(ii) In Y, only limited human activity (compatible with conservation) is allowed.
(iii) In Z, commercial exploitation of natural resources is allowed.
(iv) Tourism is allowed in Z zone only.
(v) Zone Y helps to maintain the lifestyle of the tribal people living in the area.

(iv) Biosphere reserves differ from national parks and wildlife sanctuaries because in the former.

(v) MAB Programme means

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Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. In our mind, we presume, most of the time, that microbes are always harmful. Microbes are, of course, the causal agents of many infections diseases of plants and animals including humans but they also have lots of beneficial role. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are one of this kind of useful group. These are Gram positive, non-sporulating, either rod shaped or spherical bacteria. They produce lactic acid in milk products as major metabolic end product of carbohydrate fermentation. LAB are considered as natural fermentors. Lactobacillus is a common LAB which converts lactose sugar of milk into lactic acid, that causes coagulation and partial digestion of milk protein casein. Milk is then changed into curd, yoghurt and cheese. Lactobacillus is also used in probiotics which have potentially beneficial effect on gut ecosystem of humans. Some other pro biotic strain used belong to the Genus Bifidobacterium.
(i) Which of the following is not considered as microorganisms?

(ii) Select the incorrect option regarding the characteristics oflactic acid bacteria.

(iii) Which of the following is not a lactic acid producing bacteria?

(iv) Probiotics are

(v) Assertion: Lactobacillus bacteria do not retain crystal violet stain while staining.
Reason: Lactobacillus have a very thin layer of peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

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Gene manipulation is a fast emerging science. It started with development of recombinant DNA molecule. It is named variously as DNA manipulation biotechnology, recombinant DNA technology and genetic engineering. This technology, that mostly involves cutting and pasting of desired DNA fragments, is based on two important discoveries in bacteria, i.e., presence of plasmid in bacteria and restriction endonucleases. Paul Berg was able to introduce a gene of SV-40 into a bacterium. The science of recombinant DNA technology took birth when Cohen and Boyer (1973) were able to introduce a piece of gene containing foreign DNA into plasmid of E.coli.
(i) Biotechnology is also known as

(ii) A bacterial plasmid is a/an

(iii) Father of genetic engineering is

(iv) Which of the following is used by Paul Berg to introduce a gene of SV-40 in a bacterium?

(v) Read the given statements and select the correct option.
Assertion : Biotechnology started with the development of recombinant DNA molecule.
Reason : Biotechnology mostly involves cutting and pasting of desired DNA fragments.

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Alcohols are important industrial solvents. Ethanol, methanol, propanol and butanol are produced commercially by fermentation activity of some fungi, majorly yeasts. During fermentation, yeast cells convert cereal derived sugars into ethanol and CO₂. At the same time hundreds of secondary metabolites that influence the aroma and taste of alcohol are produced. Sugar concentration affects the rate of fermentation reactions. Yeast cannot grow in very strong sugar solution. In case of complex carbohydrate containing nutrient media, 1% malt or Rhizopus is used along with yeasts. Hydrolysis of starch is carried out at high temperature for 30 mins. The crushed food mixed with hot water for obtaining malt in called mash. The nutrient medium prior to fermentation in called wort. Wort is cooled down to appropriate temperature and inoculated with strain of yeast.
(i) The rate of alcohol production is measured on the basis of

(ii) A number of chemicals are produced at the time of alcoholic fermentation with the change of nutrient media, pH and aeration. Select such by-product from the following.

(iii) During alcoholic fermentation of cereals and potato, the crushed food mixed with hot water for obtaining malt is called

(iv) Distilled alcohol with 95% ethanol content is called

(v) Assertion: Rhizopus or 1% malt is used in the nutrient medium when it contains complex carbohydrates.
Reason: Yeast does not possess sufficient diastase or amylase.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

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Villagers in a place near Chambur started planning to make power supply for agricultural purposes from cow dung. They have started a biogas plant for the purpose. Study the flow chart for biogas production given below and answer the following questions.

(I) Biogas is composed of majorly

(ii) In the given flow chart, 'A' .denotes

(iii) What is represented by 'B' in the flow chart?

(iv) 'C' in the given flow chart causes

(v) If 'A' is not added in the procedure

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Tools used in the formation of recombinant DNA are of three types. These are enzymes, cloning vectors and competent host. Lysing enzymes are used to extract DNA for experimental purpose from the cells. Cleaving enzymes break the DNA molecules. They are of three types : exonucleases, endonucleases and restriction endonucleases. A competent host is required for transformation with recombinant DNA and cloning vectors help to propagate DNA.
(i) Which of the following is an example of natural lysing activity in a human body?

(ii) The enzyme which has polymerizing activity in 5'→3' direction but exonuclease activity in 3'→ 5' direction only is

(iii) Cloning vectors are the DNA molecules that

(iv) Transfer of DNA into a eucaryotic cell is called

(v) Assertion: Type I restriction enzymes are not used in rDNA technology.
Reason: Type I restriction endonucleases consist of two different subunits and require ATP for restriction activity.

Read the following and answer any four questions from (i) to(v) given below:
In recombinant DNA technology, the fragments of DNA generated after cutting the DNA by restriction enzymes are separated according to their size or length by gel electrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis is performed in a gel matrix so that molecules of similar electric charges can be separated on the basis of size. Most commonly used matrix in gel electrophoresis is agarose. The fragments are separated under the influence of electric field. The separated DNA fragments can be seen only after staining the DNA with compound known as ethidium bromide (EtBr) followed by exposure to UV radiation as bright orange band.
(i) Gel electrophoresis is used for the separation of

(ii) Most commonly used matrix is (i) which is a (ii) extracted from (iii).

(iii) A DNA molecule was treated with a restriction endonuclease and three fragments of size (i) 426 kb, (ii) 129 kb and (iii) 46 kb were obtained. Identify the order in which these bands will arrange themselves in the gel plate after gel electrophoresis is completed. (Assuming that negative part of electrode is towards the well)

(iv) Which of the following statements regarding gel electrophoresis is incorrect?

(v) The factor that will not affect the rate of DNA migration in gel electrophoresis is

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The vectors are DNA molecules that can carry a foreign DNA segment and replicate inside the host cell. Vectors may be plasmids, bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria), cosmids, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and viruses. The most widely used, versatile, easily manipulated vector pBR 322 is an ideal plasmid vector. Features that are required to facilitate cloning into a vector includes origin of replication (Ori) which is a specific sequence of DNA bases responsible for initiating replication, selectable marker genes and cloning sites.
(i) P in pBR 322 denotes that it is a

(ii) Ori is a specific DNA sequence that help in

(iii) A and B shown in the figure respectively indicates

(iv) Selectable markers in vector

(v) Plasmid vectors are

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Saurin, a M.Sc student, get an assignment on sewage treatment plant (STP) to study the microbial load. After visiting such plant in his locality, he makes a Simplified diagram of the STP for his project. Study the diagram given below and answer the following questions.

(i) In the diagram A denotes

(ii) Which of the following is incorrect regarding the sludge released from A?

ii) A large number of aerobic heterotrophic microbes grow in

(iv) What is denoted by 'D' in the given diagram?

(v) Assertion: The colloided and finely suspended matter of sewage form aggregates which are called floes.
Reason: Floes contain masses of bacteria, slime and fungal filaments.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false.

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Bioreactors are considered as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products by microbes, plant and animal cells or their enzymes. They are used for large scale production as they provide optimum growth conditions such as temperature, pH, substrate, vitamins, oxygen and salts for obtaining desired product. Most commonly used bioreactors are of stirring type which include simple stirred tank bioreactor and sparged stirred-tank bioreactor.
(i) Bioreactor are useful in

(ii) Which of the following is essential to obtain desired product in a bioreactor?

(iii) Assertion : The stirred-tank is well suited for large scale production of microorganisms under aseptic conditions.
Reason: In sparged stirred tank bioreactor, surface area for oxygen transfer is increased.

(iv) Growth condition that could affect the quality of obtained product in a bioreactor are

(v) Vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products are

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The DNA, which is transferred from one organism into another by joining it with the vehicle DNA is called passenger or foreign DNA. Generally three types of passenger DNAs are used. These are complementary DNA (cDNA), synthetic DNA (sDNA) and random DNA. Complementary DNA (cDNA) is synthesized on RNA template (usually mRNA) with the help of reverse transcriptase. Synthetic DNA (sDNA) is synthesized on DNA template or without a template. Random DNA are small fragments formed by breaking a chromosome of an organism in the p.resence of restriction endonucleases.

(i) Reverse transcriptase enzyme was discovered by

(ii) During cDNA formation, what would happen if DNA formed by reverse transcriptase is not treated with the alkali?

(iii) Enzyme that helps in the formation of double stranded cDNA is

(iv) DNA polymerase can be obtained form

(v) DNA synthesised without a template is referred to as

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Crown gall is a neoplastic disease of most dicotyledonous plants and is caused by the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A large extra chromosomal plasmid in these bacteria was found to be responsible for this disease. The plasmid is known as Ti plasmid. Bacteria free crown gall cells can be cultured in the absence of phytohormones. Ti plasmid is widely used in genetic engineering to deliver the desirable genes. The part of Ti plasmid transferred into plant cell DNA is called T-DNA. T-DNA with desired DNA segment is inserted into the chromosome of the host plant where it produces copies of itself.
(i) Which of the following is the full form of T-DNA?

(ii) Ti plasmid cannot infect and develop crown gall in

(iii) While making transgenic plant, T-DNA is inserted into the host cell, it is then

(iv) Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in plants

(v) Assertion : In Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in plants, transgenic plants do not develop tumors.
Reason : In T-DNA tumor producing genes are deleted during the process of gene transfer.