The flow of charge in a particular direction constitutes the electric current. Current is measured in Ampere. Quantitatively, electric current in a conductor across an area held perpendicular to the direction of flow of charge is defined as the amount of charge is flowing across that area per unit time.
Current density at a point in a conductor is the ratio of the current at that point in the conductor to the area of cross section of the conductor of that point.
The given figure shows a steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non uniform cross section. Current density depends inversely on area, so, here \(J_{1}>J_{2}, \text { as } A_{1}.

(i) What is the current flowing through a conductor, if one million electrons are crossing in one millisecond through a cross-section of it ?

(ii) SI unit of electric current is

(iii) A steady current flows in a metallic conductor of non-uniform cross-section. Which of these quantities is constant along the conductor?

(iv) A constant current I is flowing along the length of a conductor of variable cross-section as shown in the figure. The quantity which does not depend upon the area of cross-section is

(v) When a current of 40 A flows through a conductor of area 10 m², then the current density is

Emf of a cell is the maximum potential difference between two electrodes of the cell when no current is drawn from the cell. Internal resistance is the resistance offered by the electrolyte of a cell when the electric current flows through it. The internal resistance of a cell depends upon the following factors;
(i) distance between the electrodes
(ii) nature and temperature of the electrolyte
(iii) nature of electrodes
(iv) area of electrodes.

For a freshly prepared cell, the value of internal resistance is generally low and goes on increasing as the cell is put to more and more use. The potential difference between the two electrodes of a cell in a closed circuit is called terminal potential difference and its value is always less than the emf of the cell in a closed circuit. It can be written as V = E - Jr.
(i) The terminal potential difference of two electrodes of a cell is equal to emf of the cell when

(ii) A cell of emf E and internal resistance r gives a current of 0.5 A with an external resistance of \(12 \Omega\) and a current of 0.25 A with an external resistance of \(25 \Omega\) .What is the value of internal resistance of the cell?

(iii) Choose the wrong statement.

(iv) An external resistance R is connected to a cell of internal resistance r, the maximum current flows in the external resistance, when

(v) IF external resistance connected to a cell has been increased to 5 times, the potential difference across the terminals of the cell increases from 10 V to 30 V. Then, the emf of the cell is

A single cell provides a feeble current. In order to get a higher current in a circuit, we often use a combination of cells A combination of cells is called a battery, Cells can be joined in series, parallel or in a mixed way.
Two cells are said to be connected in series when negative terminal of one cell is connected to positive terminal of the other cell and so on. Two cells are said to be connected in parallel if positive terminal of each cell is connected to one point and negative terminal of each cell connected to the other point. In mixed grouping of cells, a certains number of identical cells are joined in series, and all such rows are then connected in parallel with each other.

(i) To draw the maximum current from a combination of cells, how should the cells be grouped?

(ii) The total emf of the cells when n identical cells each of emf e are connected in parallel is

(iii) 4 cells each of emf 2 V and internal resistance of \(1 \Omega\) are connected in parallel to a load resistor of \(2 \Omega\). Then the current through the load resistor is

(iv) If two cells out of n number of cells each of internal resistance 'r' are wrongly connected in series, then total resistance of the cell is

(v) Two identical non-ideal batteries are connected in parallel. Consider the following statements.
(i). The equivalent emf is smaller than either of the two emfs.
(ii) The equivalent internal resistance is smaller than either of the two internal resistances

Wheatstone bridge is an arrangement of four resistances P, Q, Rand S connected as shown in the figure. Their values are so adjusted that the galvanometer G shows no deflection. The bridge is then said to be balanced when this condition is achieved happens. In the setup shown here, the points Band D are at the same potential and it can be shown that \(\frac{P}{Q}=\frac{R}{S}\)
This is called the balancing condition. If any three resistances are known, the fourth can be found.
The practical form of Wheatstone bridge is slide wire bridge or Meter bridge. Using this the unknown resistance can be determined as \(S=\left(\frac{100-l}{l}\right) \times R\) ,where I is the balancing length of the Meter bridge.
(i) In a Wheatstone bridge circuit, \(P=5 \Omega, Q=6 \Omega, R=10 \Omega\) and \(S=5 \Omega\) What is the value of additional resistance to be used in series with S, so that the bridge is balanced?

(ii) A Wheatstone bridge consisting of four arms of resistances P, Q, R, S is most sensitive when

(iii) When a metal conductor connected to left gap of a meter bridge is heated, the balancing point

(iv) The percentage error in measuring resistance with a meter bridge can be minimized by adjusting the balancing point close to

(v) In a meter bridge experiment, the ratio ofleft gap resistance to right gap resistance is 2 : 3. The balance point from left is

Whenever an electric current is passed through a conductor, it becomes hot after some time. The phenomenon of the production of heat in a resistor by the flow of an electric current through it is called heating effect of current or Joule heating. Thus, the electrical energy supplied by the source of emf is converted into heat. In purely resistive circuit, the energy expended by the source entirely appears as heat. But if the circuit has an active element like a motor, then a part of the energy supplied by the source goes to do useful work and the rest appears as heat. Joule's law of heating form the basis of various electrical appliances such as electric bulb, electric furnace,
electric press etc.
(i) Which of the following is a correct statement?

(ii) If the coil of a heater is cut to half, what would happen to heat produced?

(iii) A 25 Wand 100 Ware joined in series and connected to the mains. Which bulbs will glow brighter?

(iv) A rigid container with thermally insulated wall contains a coil of resistance \(100 \Omega\) carrying current 1A. Change in its internal' energy after 5 min will be

(v) The heat emitted by a bulb of 1.90W in 1 min is