Measurements and Motion

Fundamental and derived physical quantities, Concept of Mass, Length and Time, Measurement of different quantities in SI Units. Errors in measurement, Combination of errors, Dimension of physical quantities, Dimension analysis of physical quantities- Conversion of physical quantities from one system of units to another. Concepts of vectors and scalars, Components of vectors, Unit vectors, Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication (vector & scalar) of vectors. Lami’s Theorem. Equations of linear motion for uniformly accelerated bodies (by calculus method). Newton’s laws of motion, Conservation of energy and momentum, Collision in one dimension, Work, Power, Energy, Sliding and Rolling friction. Circular Motion- radial and tangential acceleration, Centripetal force, Banking of tracks, Kepler’s laws of Planetary Motion (Statements only). Newton’s law of Gravitation. Earth satellites- Orbital and Escape velocities. Moment of Inertia-definition and expression of Moment of Inertia for rod, ring and circular disc (about an axis passing through the center and perpendicular to the plane of the body). Angular momentum and Conservation of angular momentum, Projectile motion.

Heat & Thermodynamics

Concept of Temperature, Scales of Temperature (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin), Definition of mechanical equivalent of heat (J), Thermal energy, Heat Capacity, Specific heat of solids and liquids, Latent heat, Heat transfer-Thermal conductivity of solids, Steady-state, Kirchhoff’s laws of heat radiation, Stefan’s law of heat radiation, Newton’s Law of cooling.Kinetic Theory of gases- Pressure of an ideal gas, Kinetic interpretation of temperature, Degrees of freedom, Law of equipartition of energy.
First Law of Thermodynamics, Specific heats of a gaseous system, Relation between Cp and Cv, Work done during Isothermal and Adiabatic processes, Carnot’s conceptual heat engine and its efficiency, Second law of thermodynamics, Absolute Scale of Temperature.

Characteristics of Materials

Elastic and Plastic behaviors of solids, Elastic limit, Young’s modulus, Shear and Bulk modulus, Poisson's ratio.

Liquids

Surface Tension and Surface Energy, Excess pressure across a spherical liquid surface, Expression for the capillary rise. Streamlined and turbulent flow, Bernoulli’s equation and its application, Viscosity- coefficient of viscosity, Stokes law.

Electricity & Magnetism

Electric field intensity and Potential at a point in an electric field, Relation between them, Capacitance- dielectric constant and its effect on capacitance. Series and parallel grouping of capacitances, Energy stored in a charged capacitor, Ohm’s law, Variation of resistance of metallic conductors with temperature, Kirchhoff’s laws and its application to a balanced Wheatstone bridge. Combination of Cells and resistors- series and parallel. Heating effect of electric current and Joule’s law, Electric power, and electric energy. Magnetic Permeability and Susceptibility of materials, Properties of dia, para and ferromagnetic materials. Biot–Savart’s law- Magnetic Field due to a circular coil at its centre. Moving coil galvanometer (deadbeat only). Force on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic field. Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, Lenz’s law, emf induced in a rotating coil in a magnetic field. Alternating current- Self and Mutual induction, the Phase relation between Voltage and Current in pure resistive, capacitive and inductive circuits. The principle of a transformer, elementary idea on electromagnetic waves.

Wave motion

Simple harmonic motion, wave propagation, characteristics of wave motion, longitudinal and transverse waves, superposition of waves:- Stationary waves, Beats. Open and closed organ pipes, the velocity of sound in air- effect of pressure, temperature and humidity on it. Doppler Effect, laws of transverse vibration of string (Statement only).

Optics

Reflection and refraction at curved surfaces. Spherical mirror and thin lens formula and refraction through a prism. Total internal reflection, Dispersion, Huygens principle (statement only), Young’s double slit experiment.

Electronic Devices

Thermionic emission, Statement of Richardson’s equation and Child’s Law, Vacuum triode- construction and characteristics, the relationship between valve constants, the Descriptive idea of energy bands:- conductors, insulators, and semiconductors, Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, p-type and n-type semiconductors. PN junction, PNP and NPN transistor, PN Junction as a rectifier.

Relativity and Nuclear Physics

Postulates of the special theory of relativity, variation of mass with velocity (Statement only), mass-energy equivalence relation (Statement only).Atomic nucleus, nuclear forces, nuclear mass, binding energy, mass defect, artificial radioactivity, radioisotopes and their uses. Nuclear fission, the energy released during nuclear fission, chain reaction, controlled chain reaction, nuclear fusion, energy generation in the Sun, radiation hazards. 

Solid State

Characteristics, Classification, Solubility, Melting points, a Crystal structure of simple ionic compounds. Radius ratio and coordination number: density calculation, lattice points, and voids.

Liquid State

Characteristics, Boiling and Freezing points, Viscosity, Surface tension, Osmosis, Raoult’s law, Lowering of vapour pressure, Depression of freezing points, Elevation of boiling points, Anomalous molecular masses; Association and dissociation.

Solutions

Types of solutions, concentration and different ways of expressing concentration (percentage, ppm, strength, normality, molarity, molality, and formality); Interrelations

Gaseous State

Gas laws, Kinetic model of gases, ideal gas equation, Van der Waals’ equation, compressibility factor, Average, root mean square and most probable velocities.

Atoms and molecules 

Symbols, Valency, Atomic mass, Molecular mass, Avogadro’s law, Mole concept, Determination of equivalent mass of zinc and copper, Atomic mass by Dulong Petit’s method and Molecular mass by Victor Mayor’s method. Stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry. 

Structure of atoms and molecules 

Fundamentals particles and their properties, Rutherford and Bohr models of atom, Hydrogen spectrum, Energy levels, Shells and Sub-shells, s,p and d orbitals, Quantum numbers, Pauli’s exclusion principle, Aufbau-principle, Hund’s rule, Electronic configuration of atoms, Extra stability of half filled and filled subshells. 2 3 Chemical bonds :Ionic, Covalent, Coordinate and Hydrogen bond, Hybridisation- sp, sp , sp , dsp2,dsp3, d2sp3 shapes of molecules, VSEPR theory, Molecular Orbital Theory of simple diatomic molecules.

Periodic classification 

The periodic table and periodic laws, s, p, d and f block elements, Periodicity in properties such as atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity and oxidation states.

Energetics 

Internal energy, Enthalpy, Heats of reactions, Bond energy, Hess’s law, Idea of enthalpy, entropy and free energy, spontaneity, and conditions of equilibrium. 

Equilibria

Reversible reaction, Law of mass action, Equilibrium constant Kp, Kc, Kx and their relation. It's an application to ammonia synthesis and dissociation of HI, Decomposition, and thermal dissociation. Theory of acids and bases, Dissociation of weak acids and bases, Ostwald’s dilution law, Ionic product of water, Common ion effect, Solubility product and their applications, pH, Hydrolysis of salts, Buffer solutions. 

Kinetics 

The rate of reaction, Factors affecting the rate, Rate constant, Order and Molecularity of a reaction, Simple zero and First order reaction, Half-life period, Arrhenius equation and Activation

Energy, Collision theory (qualitative idea only) 

Types of chemical reaction

Neutralization and oxidation– Reduction reaction, Equivalent mass, Oxidation number, Balancing chemical reactions, by Ion electron method, Reactions involving KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, Na2S2O3, oxalate etc.

Non-metals 

Group study, Preparation, Properties, and uses of elements of compounds of hydrogen (ortho and para hydrogen, isotopes of hydrogen, D2O and H2O2). Allotropes of carbon, Nitrogen family (NH3 and HNO3). Oxygen and sulfur family (O2, H2S, SO2, H2SO4 and its manufacturer contact process), Halogens, Hydrogen halides and Interhalogen compounds, Zero group elements (properties & uses). 

Electrochemistry 

Electrolysis, Electrical Conductivity (Specific, Equivalent and molar), Faraday’s laws, Kohlrausch's law, Galvanic cell, Cell reaction, Nernst equation, Standard electrode potential, Electrochemical series e.m.f. of simple cells. Fuel cells. 

Nuclear chemistry 

Radioactivity, Rate of disintegration, Group displacement law, Half-life and average life period, Stability of nuclear (N/P ratio) Carbon dating, Nuclear Fission, and Fusion. Induced radioactivity by protons, neutrons and alpha particles.

Metals and metallurgy 

The occurrence of metal, Minerals and ores, flux, slag calcination, roasting, smelting (by reduction of oxides) and refining. General trends in the characteristics, principles of extraction of Na, Mg, Ca, Al, Cu and Fe and their oxides, hydroxides, chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates.

Introductory 

Functional Groups and organic radicals, Nomenclature by IUPAC system (substitutive method), Isomerism (Structural and stereoisomerism – optical and geometrical) EZ & RS nomenclature, Electron mobility – Inductive effect, Resonance, Electromeric effect, and Hyperconjugation; their applications. Types of organic reactions – addition, substitution, elimination reactions. The idea of electrophiles and nucleophiles; Reaction intermediates – the idea of carbocations, carbanion & free radicals; their stabilities. 

Aliphatic compounds 

Methods of preparation and properties of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes (acidity of terminal alkynes), haloalkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, acid derivatives (acid chlorides, esters, and amides), nitroalkanes and amines. 

Aromatic compounds

Aromaticity (Huckel’s rule), Aromatic hydrocarbon (Preparation and reactions – Substitution, addition, ozonolysis) Phenols (Preparation and reactions): Aldehydes (Preparations and reactions); Acids (Preparation and reactions). Amines (Preparation and reactions); Diazonium salts (synthetic application).

Biochemistry 

The biological importance of organic compounds such as carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids (only by the metabolic process). 

Chemistry in the service of mankind 

General idea on fertilizers, pesticides, polymers (nylon, terylene, neoprene, buna-S, PVC, Teflon &bakelite). Medicine-analgesic, antipyretic, antibiotic and antiseptic (structure and preparation not required).

Environmental chemistry

 Source, effect and control measures of air and water pollution.

Logic

A statement, Negation, Implication, Converse, Contrapositive, Conjunction, Disjunction, Truth Table. Different methods of proof, Principle of Mathematical induction.

Algebra of sets

Set operation, Union, Intersection, Difference, Symmetric difference, Complement, Venn diagram, the Cartesian product of sets, Relation, and functions, Equivalence relation, Kinds of functions and their domain and range, Composite function, Inverse of a function.

Number system 

Real numbers (algebraic and order properties, rational and irrational numbers), Absolute value, Triangle inequality, AM≥ GM, Inequalities(simple cases), Complex numbers, Algebra of complex numbers, Conjugate and square root of a complex number, Cube roots of unity, De Moivre’s theorem with simple application. Permutations and Combinations - simple applications, Binomial theorem for the positive integral index, Identities involving binomial coefficients.

Determinants and matrices

Determinants of the third order, Minors and cofactors, Properties of determinants, Matrices up to third order, Types of matrices, algebra of matrix, adjoint and the inverse of a matrix, Application of determinants and matrices to the solution of linear equations (in three unknowns).

Trigonometry 

Compound angles, Multiple and Submultiple angles, Solution of trigonometric equations, Properties of triangles, Inverse circular function, Sum and product of sine and cosine functions.

Co-ordinate geometry of two dimensions

Straight lines, Pairs of straight lines, Circles, Equations of tangents and normals to a circle, Equations of the parabola, Ellipse and hyperbola in simple forms, their tangents and normals. A condition of tangency. Rectangular and Conjugate hyperbolas.

Coordinate geometry of three dimensions

Distance and Division formulae, Direction cosines and direction ratios, Projection, Angle between two planes, Angle between a line and a plane. The distance of a point from a line and a plane. The equation of a sphere – general equation, Equation of sphere when endpoints of a diameter are given.

Quadratic polynomials 

Roots of the quadratic polynomial, Factorisation of quadratic polynomials, Maximum and minimum values of quadratic polynomials for all real values of the variable, sign of the quadratic polynomial for all real values of the variable, Solution of quadratic inequations. Sequence and Series: Definition, Infinite geometric series, Arithmetic-geometric series, Exponential and Logarithmic series.

Vectors

Fundamentals, Dot and cross product of two vectors, Scalar triple product and vector triple product, Simple application of different products.

Differential calculus 

Concept of limit, Continuity of functions, Derivative of standard Algebraic and Transcendental functions, Derivative of composite functions, functions in parametric form, Implicit differentiation, Successive differentiation (simple cases), Leibnitz theorem, Partial differentiation, Application of Euler’s theorem, Derivative as a rate measure, Increasing and decreasing functions, Maxima and Minima, Indeterminate forms, Geometrical application of derivatives such as finding tangents and normals to plane curves. 

Integral calculus

Standard methods of integration (substitution, by parts, by partial fraction, etc), Integration of rational, irrational functions and trigonometric functions. Definite integrals and properties of definite integrals, Areas under plane curves.

Differential equations

Definition, order, the degree of a differential equation, General and particular solution of a differential equation, Formation of a differential equation, Solution of differential equations by the method of separation of variables, Homogeneous differential equations of first order

and first degree, Linear differential equations of the form dy/dx +p(x)y = q(x), Solutions of differential equations of the form d2y/dx2 =f(x)

Probability and statistics 

Average (mean, median and mode). Dispersion (standard deviation and variance), Definition of probability, Mutually exclusive events, Independent events, Compound events, Conditional probability, Addition theorem.

Number system 

Decimal, binary, octal, hexadecimal numbers and their conversion.

Diversity of plant life

Five-kingdom system of classification with their merits and demerits. Structure, reproduction and economic importance of Bacteria and Viruses. Life history of representative members of different plant groups: Spirogyra, Saccharomyces, Funaria, Dryopteris, Cycas.

Morphology of angiosperms 

Normal and Modified roots, stems, and leaves, Inflorescence, Flower and its parts, Pollination, Fertilization, Fruits. 

Taxonomy of flowering plants 

Principles and units of classification (species, genus, family) Binomial nomenclature, Studies of important families: Malvaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Liliaceae.

Cell 

Structure and functionCell Theory, Totipotency, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell, Structure of typical plant cell: Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Cell Organelles (Plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes). Important compounds of the cell: Structure and functions of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.Properties and chemical nature of enzymes. Mode of enzyme action.

 Continuity of life 

Cell division: Mitosis, Meiosis and their significance, Mendel’s laws of inheritance: Monohybrid and Dihybrid cross, Incomplete dominance, Multipleallelism.

Genetic material 

Structure of nucleic acids. Evidence to establish ‘DNA as genetic material’ (Griffith and Avery’s experiment). The concept of gene, Transcription, and translation in Prokaryotes. Regulation of gene expression – induction and repression. Recombinant DNA and Tissue culture technique: Recombinant DNA techniques and its significance. Genebank, Production of Transgenic plants with examples, Tissue culture technique. 

Complexities of plant life 

Meristematic and tissues, Internal structures of dicot and monocot stems, roots and Isobilateral and Dorsiventral leaves, Normal secondary growth in dicot stem. Processes in plants: Diffusion, Osmosis, Plasmolysis, Imbibition, Absorption, and transport of water and minerals, Transpiration and its significance, Life energy, and ATP, Respiration, and Fermentation, Photosynthesis, Biological nitrogen fixation. Growth and development: Growth regulators – Physiological effects of Auxins, Gibberellin, Cytokinin, Ethylene and Abscisic acid. Elementary idea of photoperiodism and vernalization. Plant movements (with special reference to geotropism and phototropism). 

Ecology 

Man and environment, Ecological adaptations (Hydrophytes and Xerophytes), plant succession (Hydrosere, Xeresere), Structure and function of Ecosystem. 

Economic Botany 

Economic importance of plants like Rice, Gram (green gram) Jute, Groundnut, Mango, Tulsi. 

Common plant diseases 

Symptoms and control measure of following plant diseases: Powdery mildew of peas, a Bacterial blight of rice, Mosaic disease of Papaya 

Animal world  

Definition, Scope, and branches of Zoology. Characteristics of living organisms (the elementary idea of metabolism, transfer of energy at the molecular level, open and closed system, homeostasis, growth & reproduction, adaptation, survival, and death). 

Classification (Artificial, Natural, Phylogenetic) Two-Kingdoms & Five-Kingdoms – their merits and demerits. Species concept, binomial nomenclature, scientific names of some common animals: Fishes – Rohi, Bakura, Mirikali, Kau. Amphibians – Frog, Toad. Reptiles – House Lizard, Garden Lizard, Crocodile, Turtle, Cobra, Krait. Birds – Fowl, Peacock, Pigeon, Crow. Mammals – Tiger, Elephant, Cat, Dog, Rabbit, and Man.

Diversity of Animal life 

Introductory Concept:

(1) The concept of the body plan, symmetry, coelom, germ layers, homeothermic and poikilothermic

animals.

(2) Salient features of Non-chordate phyla with examples, General characters of chordates

up to class levels with examples. 

Animal Morphology

Morphology of Paramecium, Sycon, Hydra Planaria, Ascaris, Earthworm, Cockroach, Pila, Starfish, Amphioxus, Bony fish, Cartilaginous fish, Frog, Calotes, Pigeon & Rabbit. 

Animal Histology

Types – Epithelial, Connective (details about blood and lymph), Muscular & Nervous – Organs and Organ Systems. 

Animal Locomotion

Joints and Muscles in the movement of man, mechanism of muscle contraction, Disorders – Arthritis and Osteoporosis

Animal Physiology

Animal Nutrition – Intracellular and Intercellular digestion, the Digestive system of cockroach, Digestive system and process in human (ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion) role of hormones indigestion, malnutrition and under-nutrition. 

Animal Respiration 

Types of respiration (cutaneous, tracheal, bronchial and pulmonary), Structure and function of a respiratory system in man: Respiratory organs, mechanism of pulmonary respiration, pulmonary exchange of gas, transport of gases. Common respiratory disorders – prevention and cure. 

Animal Circulation 

Open Circulation, closed circulatory system in man, Structure of Heart, Cardiac Cycle, Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, Portal System, Coronary Circulation, Blood Pressure, Respiratory pigments, Blood groups (A B O & Rh), Blood Coagulation, Blood-related disorder – Hypertension, Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis, Pacemaker. 

Animal Excretion

Types of Excretion (Ammonotelism, ureotelism, and uricotelism), Excretion in the cockroach, Excretion in human – Structure, and function of the kidney, Role of liver in excretion: Ornithine Cycle. Disorders related to excretion – kidney failure, dialysis, kidney transplantation, Role of ADH.

Control and Co-ordination 

Nervous system of cockroach, Nervous system of human – central, peripheral & autonomic, transmission of nerve impulse, reflex action, sense organs (Eye and Ear). 

Human Endocrine System

Endocrine glands (Name, Location, Hormones and their functions), hormones as messengers and regulators, feedback controls, hormonal disorders. 

Genetics

Mendelism, linkage, and crossing over, recombination, sex chromosomes, sex determination, sex-linked inheritance, chromosomal aberrations (structural).

Animal Reproduction and Human Development

Types of reproduction – Asexual reproduction (Binary fission, multiple fission, budding), Sexual reproduction in human – male and female reproductive system, menstrual cycle. 

Human development

 Gametogenesis (spermatogenesis, oogenesis), fertilization, development up to 3 germ layers, the fate of germ layers, extraembryonic membranes, structure and function of the placenta.

Cellular growth

Hormonal control of growth, Types of regeneration and mechanism (in Planaria), aging (Senescence).

Biology in Human welfare (Elementary idea) 

Common problems of adolescence (drugs, alcohols and tobacco), social and moral implications, mental and addictive disorders, the risk of indiscriminate use of drugs and antibiotics.

Biotechnology

Animal tissue culture, bio-war, biopiracy, cloning and transgenic animals. Elementary idea - organ transplantations, immunity and immune disorders, vaccines and vaccination (recent advances).

Modern techniques in diseases diagnosis 

Basic methods of estimation of hemoglobin, sugar, and urea in blood, ELISA, and WIDAL tests.

Basic principles of ECG, EEG, CT SCAN, MRI, Ultra Sound and Endoscopy, DNA Finger Printing.

Human Diseases: Types, Causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatments – AIDS, STD, Cancer, and Diabetes.

Fundamentals

Wiring and Power building

A C Theory

Measuring Instruments

Generation of Electrical Power

Storage Devices

Conversion Of Electrical Energy

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Algebra

Calculus

Matrices and Determinants

Ordinary Differential Equation 

Trigonometry

Co-ordinate Geometry Of Three Dimensions 

Analytical Geometry

Statistics and Probability

Force Moments

Simple Lifting Machine

Centre of Gravity and Moment of Inertia

Simple stress and Strain

Friction

Dynamics

Logic 

Sequence and Series

Algebra Of Sets

Vectors

Number System

Differential Calculus

Determinants and Matrices

Integral Calculus

Trigonometry

Differential Equations 

C-ordinate Geometry of Two dimensions

Probability and Statistics

Co-ordinate Geometry of Three Dimensions 

Number System

Quadratic Polynomial

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