Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The addition reaction of enol or enolate to the carbonyl functional group of aldehyde or ketone is known as aldol addition. The \(\beta\)-hydroxyaldehyde or \(\beta\)-hydroxyketone so obtained undergo dehydration in second step to produce a conjugated enone. The first part of reaction is an addition reaction and the second part is an elimination reaction. Carbonyl compound having \(\alpha\)-hydrogen undergoes aldol condensation reaction.

The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) Condensation reaction is the reverse of which of the following reaction?

(ii) Which of the following compounds would be the main product of an aldol condensation of acetaldehyde and acetone?

(ii) Which combination of carbonyl compounds gives phenyl vinyl ketone by an aldol condensation?

(iv) Which of the following will undergo aldol condensation?

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions :
When an aldehyde with no a-hydrogen reacts with concentrated aqueous NaOH, half the aldehyde is converted to carboxylic acid salt and other half is converted to an alcohol. In other words, half of the reactant is oxidized
and other half is reduced. This reaction is known as Cannizzaro reaction 

The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer :
(i) A mixture of benzaldehyde and formaldehyde on heating with aqueous NaOH solution gives

(ii) Which of the following compounds will undergo Cannizzaro reaction?

(iii) Trichloroacetaldehyde is subjected to Cannizzaro's reaction by using NaOH. The mixture of the products contains sodium trichloroacetate ion and another compound. The other compounds is

(iv) Which of the following reaction will not result in the formation of carbon-carbon bonds?

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions
A tertiary alcohol H upon acid catalysed dehydration gives a product I. Ozonolysis of I leads to compounds J and K. Compound J upon reaction with KOH gives benzyl alcohol and a compound L, whereas K on reaction with KOH gives only M.

The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer :
(i) Compound H is formed by the reaction of

(ii) The structures of compound J, Kand L, respectively, are

(iii) When (J) is treated with acetic anhydride, in the presence of corresponding salt of an acid, the product obtained is

(iv) Which of the following statements is correct for compound (K)?

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions :
Carboxylic acids dissociate in water to give carboxylate ion and hydronium ion.
RCOOH + H₂O \(\longrightarrow\) RCOO^- + H3O⁺
The acidity of carboxyl group is due to the presence of positive charge on oxygen which liberates proton. The carboxylate ion formed is resonance stabilised.

Carboxylic acids are stronger acids than phenols. Electron withdrawing groups (EWG) increase the acidity of carboxylic acids by stabilising the conjugate base through delocalisation of negative charge by inductive and/ or resonance effects. Electron donating group (EDG) decrease the acidity by destabilising the conjugate base.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer :
(i) Which of the following reactions is showing the acidic property of carboxylic acid?

(ii) Which one of the following is the correct order of acidic strength?

(iii) Which of the following acids has the smallest dissociation constant?

(iv) The correct order of acidity for the following compounds is

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Aldehydes and ketones having acetyl group are oxidised by sodium hypohalate (NaOX) or halogen and alkali (X₂ + OH^-) to corresponding sodium salt having one carbon atoms less than the carbonyl compound and give a haloform.

Sodium hypoiodite (NaOI) when treated with compounds containing CH₃CO - group gives yellow precipitate of iodoform. Haloform reaction does not affect a carbon-carbon double bond present in the compound.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:

(ii) Which of the following compounds is not formed in iodoform reaction of acetone?

(iii) For the given set of reactions

starting compound A corresponds to

(iv) An organic compound 'A' has the molecular formula C₃H₆O. It undergoes iodoform test. When saturated with HCI it gives 'B' of molecular formula C₉H₁₄O. 'A' and 'B' respectively are

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
(A), (B) and (C) are three non-cyclic functional isomers of a carbonyl compound with molecular formula C₄H₈O. Isomers (A) and (C) give positive Tollen's test whereas isomer (B) does not give Tollen's test but gives positive iodoform test. Isomers (A) and (B) on reduction with Zn(Hg)/conc. HCI give the same product (D).
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) Compound A is

(ii) Compound (B) can be obtained by

(iii) Out of (A), (B) and (C) isomers, which one is least reactive towards addition of HCN ?

(iv) What will be the product when (B) reacts with ethylene glycol in presence ofHCI gas?

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Aldehydes and ketones are reduced to primary and secondary alcohols respectively by NaBH₄ or LiAIH₄ as well as catalytic hydrogenation. The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to group on treatment with Zn-Hg and cone, HCI (Clemmensen reduction) or with hydrazine followed by NaOH or KOH in highly boiling solvent such, as ethylene glycol (Wolff- Kishner reduction).
Aldehydes differ from ketones in their oxidation reactions. Aldehydes are easily oxidised to carboxylic acids on treatment with HNO₃, KMnO₄, K₂Cr₂O₇ etc. Even mild oxidising agents mainly Tollens' reagent and Fehling's solution also oxidise aldehydes. Ketones are generally oxidised under vigorous conditions i.e., strong oxidising agents and at elevated temperatures, to give mixture of carboxylic acids having lesser number of C-atoms than the parent ketone.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) Which of the following cannot be made by reduction of ketone or aldehyde with NaBH₄ in methanol?

(ii) The carbonyl compound producing an optically active product by reaction with LiAlH₄ is

(iii) A substance C₄H₁₀O(X) yields on oxidation a compound C₄H₈O which gives an oxime and a positive iodoform test. The substance X on treatment with cone. H2S04 gives C4Hs. The structure of the compound (X) is

(iv) In the oxidation of by acidified K₂Cr₂O₇, the products are

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Carboxylic acids having an a-hydrogen atom when treated with chlorine or bromine in the presence of small amount of red phosphorus gives a-halo carboxylic acids. The reaction is known as Hell- Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.

When sodium salt of carboxylic acid is heated with soda lime it loses carbon dioxide and gives hydrocarbon with less number of C-atoms.

In these questions (i - iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
(i) Assertion: (CH₃)₃CCOOH does not give H.V.Z reaction.
Reason: (CH₃)₃CCOOH does not have \(\alpha\)-hydrogen atom.
(ii) Assertion: H.V.Z. reaction involves the treatment of carboxylic acids having \(\alpha\)-hydrogens with Cl₂ or Br₂ in presence of small amount of redphosphorus.
Reason : Phosphorus reacts with halogens to form phosphorus trihalides.
(iii) Assertion: C₆H₅COCH₂COOH undergoes decarboxylation easily than C₆H₅COCOOH.
Reason : C₆H₅COCH₂COOH is a 13-ketoacid.
(iv) Assertion: On heating 3-methylbutanoic acid with soda lime, isobutane is obtained.
Reason: Soda lime is a mixture of NaOH + CaO in the ratio 3 : 1.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Fehling's reagent: Fehling's reagent is a mixture of two solutions. Fehling's solution A is aqueous copper sulphate solution. Fehling's solution B is alkaline sodium potassium tartarate (Rochelle salt).

It is a mild oxidising agent. It is weaker than Tollens' reagent. It oxidises only aliphatic aldehydes to carboxylate ions and'itself gets reduced to reddish brown precipitate of cuprous oxide.
Aromatic aldehydes do not respond to Fehling's test. This reaction is used for the test of aliphatic aldehydes known as Fehling's reagent test.
In these questions ( i - iv) a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
(i) Assertion: Fehling's solution can be used to distinguish between acetaldehyde and acetone.
Reason: Fehling's reagent is a mixture of two solutions.
(ii) Assertion: Aromatic aldehydes can be distinguished from aliphatic aldehydes by Fehling's solution.
Reason: Aromatic 'aldehydes reduce Fehling's solution, but aliphatic aldehydes do not.
(iii) Assertion: CH₃CHO and C₆H₅CH₂CHO cannot be distinguished chemically by Fehling's solution.
Reason: CH₃CHO and C₆H₅CH₂CHO can be distinguished by iodoform test.
(iv) Assertion: Formaldehyde, when heated with Fehling's reagent produces a reddish brown ppt. of Cu.
Reason: Fehling's reagent oxidises formaldehyde to formate ion.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition reactions .

Carbonyl carbon is electron deficient hence acts as an electrophile. Nucleophile attacks on the electrophilic carbon atom of the carbonyl group from a direction perpendicular to the plane of the molecule.

In this process, hybridisation of carbon atom changes from sp² to sp³ and a tetrahedral alkoxide ion is formed as intermediate. This intermediate captures proton from the reaction medium to give the neutral product. Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones in nucleophilic addition reactions.
In these questions ( i - iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
(i) Assertion: Benzaldehyde is more reactive than ethanal towards nucleophilic attack.
Reason: The overall effect of -land +R effect of phenyl group decreases the electron density on the carbon atom of ＞C=O group in benzaldehyde
(ii) Assertion: (CH₃)₃CCOC(CH₃)₃ and acetone can be distinguished by the reaction with NaHSO₃.
Reason: HSO₃ is the nucleophile in bisulphite addition.
(iii) Assertion: Ease of nucleophilic addition of the compounds (I). CH₃CHO(II) and CH₃COCH₃(III)  is I > II > III.
Reason : Aldehydes and ketones undergo nucleophilic addition reactions.
(iv) Assertion: is more reactive towards nucleophilic addition reaction than 
Reason : Reactivity of carbonyl group is due to electrophilic nature of carbonyl carbon.

Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic acids and their derivatives are collectively called carboxyl compounds which are widely spread both in plants and animal kingdom. They play an important role in biological processes. They are responsible for fragrance and flavour of naturally occurring compounds e.g., Vanilline (from vanilla beans), salicylaldehyde (from meadowsweet), cinnamaldehyde (from cinnamon) and isoamyl acetate (from banana) have pleasant flavour.
Acetone and acetic acid are widely used as solvents. Various carboxylic acids are used to prepare drugs (Analgesics, antipyretics etc.).
(a) Convert benzaldehyde to Cinnamaldehyde?
(b) What is IUPAC name of 
(c) Write the structural formula of Isoamyl acetate.
(d) What happens when 2 moles of acetone are condensed in presence of Ba(OH)₂? Write chemical equation.
(e) What happens when acetic acid is heated with P₂O₅?

Study the table in whick pka of various is given. Answer the questions based on table and related studied concepts.

(a) Why is HCOOH stronger than CH₃ COOH?
(b) Why is p-hydroxy benzoic acid more acidic than p-methoxy benzoic acid?
(c) Why is salicylic acid stronger than benzoic acid?
(d) What happens when salicylic acid is heated with zinc dust?
(e) Give one use of salicylic acid.

The following table has boiling points of different classes of compounds. Study the table and answer the questions based on table and related studied concepts.

(a) Why diethyl ether has lower boiling point than C₂H₅OH?
(b) Why acetic anhydride has high boiling point than acetic acid?
(c) Why amides have higher boiling point among-acid derivatives?
(d) Why does aqueous solution of CH₃ COOH conducts electricity but ethanol does not?
(e) How will you distinguish between ethanol and acetone by suitable chemical test?