Mention any three historical events which took place in the 21st century for the development of biotechnology.

In the fermentation process, what does upstream and downstream refers to? Explain.

What are secondary metabolites? Give two examples.

What is SCP? Mention its nutritional value.

Mention any three algal species used for SCP production.

Though SCP is a rich protein source, it has not been widely used as food supplement. Point a reason to support this statement.

Classify restriction enzymes based on their mode of action.

Which type of restriction enzyme is widely used in rDNA technology? Why?

What is the naming procedure for restriction endonuclease? Give an example

Give a short note on Alkaline phosphate.

Explain the features of a vector.

Draw and label Ti plasmid.

Explain how vector acts as transposon

How does shuttle vectors differ from other types of vectors?

Given below are the three different DNA palindrome sequences. Name the respective restriction enzymes which cleaves those sequences and also mention the microbial sources of the enzymes.
(a) 5'AGCT3'
3'TCGA5'
(b) 5'GGCC3'
3'CCGG5'
(c) 5'GAATTC3'
3'CTTAAG5'