Explain the principle of electrolytic refining with an example.

The selection of reducing agent depends on the thermodynamic factor: Explain with an example.

Explain froth flotation, with diagram.

Explain concentration by magnetic separation with diagram.

Write a note on zeolites.

A double salt which contains fourth period alkali metal (A) on heating at 500K gives (B). Aqueous solution of (B) gives white precipitate with BaCl₂ and gives a red colour compound with alizarin. Identify A and B.

What are the various methods by which carbon-di-oxide is prepared?

Distinguish between diamond and graphite.

Suggest a reason why HF is a weak acid, whereas binary acids of the all other halogens are strong acids.

Complete the following reactions.
\(1. \mathrm{NaCl}+\mathrm{MnO}_{2}+\mathrm{4H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4} \longrightarrow \)
\(2. \mathrm{NaNO}_{2}+\mathrm{HCl} \longrightarrow \)
\(3.\mathrm{P}_{4}+\mathrm{3NaOH}+\mathrm{3H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \)
\(4. \mathrm{AgNO}_{3}+\mathrm{PH}_{3} \longrightarrow \)
\(5. \mathrm{Mg}+\mathrm{10HNO}_{3} \longrightarrow \)
\(6. \mathrm{KClO}_{3} \stackrel{\Delta}{\longrightarrow} \)
\(7. \mathrm{Cu}+Con. \ Hot \ \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{SO}_{4} \longrightarrow\)
\(8. \mathrm{Sb}+\mathrm{Cl}_2 \longrightarrow \)
\(9. \mathrm{HBr}+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{SO}_4 \longrightarrow \)
\(10. \mathrm{XeF}_6+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \longrightarrow \)
\(11. \mathrm{XeO}_6{ }^{4-}+\mathrm{Mn}^{2+}+\mathrm{H}^{+} \longrightarrow \)
\(12. \mathrm{XeOF}_4+\mathrm{SiO}_2 \longrightarrow \)
\(13. \mathrm{Xe}+\mathrm{F}_2 \frac{\mathrm{Ni} / 200 \mathrm{~atm}}{400^{\circ} \mathrm{C}}\).

An amorphous solid (A) burns in air to form a gas (B) which turns lime water milky. The gas is also produced as a byproduct during roasting of sulphide ore. This gas decolourises acidified aqueous KMnO₄ solution and reduces Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺. Identify the solid 'A' and the gas 'B' and write the reactions involved.

Explain the oxidising property of sulphuric acid.

Why europium (II) is more stable than Cerium (II)?

Predict which of the following will be coloured in aqueous solution Ti²⁺, V³⁺, Sc⁴⁺, Cu⁺, Sc³⁺, Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺ and Co³⁺

Justify the following statement.
"Elements of the first transition series possess many properties different from those of heavier transition elements".

Write a short note on the oxidation states of 3d series elements.

What is crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE)?

On the basis of VB theory explain the nature of bonding in [Co(C₂O₄)₃]^3-

Mention the type of hybridisation and magnetic property of the following complexes using VB theory a) [FeF₆]^4- b) [Fe(CN)₆]^4-

How are metal carbonyls classified based on the structure?

An atom crystallizes in fcc crystal lattice and has a density of 10 gcm⁻³ with unit cell edge length of 100pm. Calculate the number of atoms present in 1 g of crystal.

Write a note on Frenkel defect.

Ionic solids, which have anionic vacancies due to metal excess defect, develop colour. Explain with the help of a suitable example.

Explain the following: Similarities and differences between metallic and ionic crystals.

Benzene diazonium chloride in aqueous solution decomposes according to the equation \({ C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }{ N }_{ 2 }Cl\longrightarrow { C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }Cl+{ N }_{ 2 }\)Starting with an initial concentration of 10g L^-1, the volume of N₂ gas obtained at 50 °C at different intervals of time was found to be as under:

t(min)	6	12	18	24	30	\(\infty \)
Vol of N2 (ml)	19.3	32.6	41.3	46.5	50.4	58.3

Show that the above reaction follows the first order kinetics. What is the value of the rate constant?

In a pseudo first order hydrolysis of ester in water, the following results were obtained.

1	0	30	60	90
[Ester]mol L-1	0.55	0.31	0.17	0.085

(i) Calculate the average rate of reaction between the time interval 30 to 60 seconds.
(i) Calculate the pseudo first order rate constant for the hydrolysis of ester.

For the reaction R - P, the concentration of a reactant changes from 0.03 M to 0.02 M in 25 minutes. Calculate the average rate of reaction using units of time both in minutes and second.

The rate constant of a reaction at 400 and 200K are 0.04 and 0.02 s^-1 respectively. Calculate the value of activation energy.

Will a precipitate be formed when 0.150 L of 0.1M Pb(NO₃)₂ and 0.100L of 0.2 M NaCl are mixed? \(K_{sp}\ (PbCl_{2})=1.2\times10^{-5}\).

Establish a relationship between the solubility product and molar solubility for the following
a) BaSO₄ 
b) Ag₂(CrO₄)

Calculate the pH of 0.1 M acetic acid if its ionisation constant Ka = 1.8 x 10^-5.

Derive the hydrolysis constant for the hydrolysis of salt of strong base and weak acid. Deduce its pH.

For the cell Mg (s) Mg²⁺(aq)||Ag⁺(aq)|Ag(s), calculate the equilibrium constant at 25⁰C and maximum work that can be obtained during operation of cell. Given: \(E^{0}_{Mg^{2+}|Mg}\)=-237V and \(E^{0}_{Ag^{2+}|Ag}\) = 0.80V.

Ionic conductance at infinite dilution of Al³⁺ and SO₄ ^2- are 189 and 160 mho cm² equiv^-1. Calculate the equivalent and molar conductance of the electrolyte Al₂(SO₄)₃ at infinite dilution.

The equivalent conductances at infinite dilution of HCl, CH₃COONa and NaCl are 42616, 91.0 and 126.45 ohm^-1 cm² gm equuivalent^-1 respectively. Calculate the equivalent conductance (λ_∞) of acetic acid.

The emf of the half cell Cu²⁺_(aq)/ Cu_(s). containing 0.01 M Cu²⁺solution is + 0.301V. Calculate the standard emf of the half cell

Explain any one method for coagulation.

Explain intermediate compound formation theory of catalysis with an example.

Write a note on phase transfer catalysis.

Explain the electrical property of colloids with a neat diagram. (or) Write a note on Helmholta electrical double layer.

What will be the product (X and A) for the following reaction acetylchloride \(\frac{\text { i) } \mathrm{CH}_{3} \mathrm{MgBr}}{\text { ii) } \mathrm{H}_{3} \mathrm{O}^{+}}{\longrightarrow} \mathrm{X} \stackrel{\text { acid } \mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{Cr}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{7}}{\longrightarrow}\) A 

Explain the mechanism involved in the intermolecular dehydration of alcohols to give ethers.

Distinguish between (a) Ethanol and phenol (b) Phenol and acetic acid (c) Phenol and aniline (d) Phenol and anisole.

An organic compound (A) of molecular formula C₆H₆O gives violet colour with neutral FeCI₃. (A) gives maximum of two isomers (B) and (C) when an alkaline solution of (A) is refluxed with CCI₄ (A) also reacts with C₆H₅N₂CI to give the compound (D) which is red orange dye. Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D). Explain with suitable chemical reactions.

Write the structure of the major product of the aldol condensation of benzaldehyde with acetone.

Complete the following reaction
\({ CH }_{ 3 }-{ CH }_{ 2 }-{ CH }_{ 2 }-\underset { \overset { || }{ O } }{ C } -{ CH }_{ 3 }\overset { HO-{ CH }_{ 2 }-{ CH }_{ 2 }-OH }{ \underset { { dry }{ HCl} }{ \longrightarrow } } ?\)

An organic compound (A) C₂H₃OCI on treatment with Pd and BaSO₄ gives (B) C₂H₄O which answers iodoform test. (B) when treated with cone.H₂SO₄ undergoes polymerisation to give (C) a cyclic compound. Identify (A), (B) and (C) and explain the reactions.

Compound (A) with Molecular formula C₇H₆O does not reduce Fehling's solution. Compound (A) reacts with acetone in the presence of NaOH to give a compound (B) which is an α, β-unsaturated compound. Further (A) reacts with dimethyl aniline in the presence of cone, H₂SO₄ to give compound (C) which is a dye. Identify (A) (B) and (C). Explain the reactions.

Predict A,B,C and D for the following reaction

A dibromo derivative (A) on treatment with KCN followed by acid hydrolysis and heating gives a monobasic acid (B) along with liberation of CO₂ . (B) on heating with liquid ammonia followed by treating with Br₂ /KOH gives (c) which on treating with NaNO₂ and HCl at low temperature followed by oxidation gives a monobasic acid (D) having molecular mass 74. Identify A to D.

How can the following coversion be effected?
i) Nitrobenzene ⇾ Nitrosobenzene
ii) Nitrobenzene ⇾ Azoxybenzene
iii) Nitrobenzene ⇾ Hydrazobenzene

Write a note on
(i) Carbylamine reaction
(ii) Mustard oil reaction
(iii) Acetylation of benzylamine
(iv) Formation of Schiff's base
(v) Diazotisation reaction

Write the structure of all possible dipeptides which can be obtained form glycine and alanine

Write a note on formation of α-helix .

Elucidate the structure of glucose.

List the importance of proteins in biological processes.

What are bio degradable polymers? Give examples.

Differentiate thermoplastic and thermosetting.

Write a note on drug target interaction.

Explain the classification of polymers based on their structure and mode of synthesis.