In the extraction of copper, explain the smelting process.

What are the various methods by which carbon-di-oxide is prepared?

Why is dioxygen a gas but sulphur a solid?

Explain the oxidising and reducing property of SO₂·

An element 'A' occupies group number 15 and period number 3. It reacts with chlorine to give B which further reacts with chlorine to give C at 273K. Both B and C are chlorinating agents for organic compounds. C is a better chlorinating agent because it chlorinates metals also. Breasts with SO₃ and reduces it to SO₂ B has a pyramidal shape. C has trigonal bipyramidal shape by sp³d hybridisation. Identify the element A and the compounds B and C. Write the reactions.

Write a short note on the oxidation states of 3d series elements.

What are the postulates of valance bond theory? Give its limitations.

What are the salient feature of crystal field theory?

A cubic solid is made of two elements P and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners of the cube and P at the body - centre. What is the formula of the compound? What is the coordination numbers of P and Q?

How are crystals classified?

The conversion of molecules x to y follows second order kinetics. Its concentration of x is increased to three times how will it affect the rate of formation of y?
For the reaction x ➝ y as it follows second order kinetics wherefore the rate of formation of y?

The half life period of first order reactions is 10 mins. What percentage of the reactant will remain after one hour?

The ionisation constant of 0.2 M formic acid is 1.8 x 10^-4. Calculate its percentage ionisation.

A 0.02 M solution of a weak mono basic acid is 5% ionised. Calculate the ionisation constant of the acid.

Explain buffer action in an acidic buffer.

The electrochemical equivalent of an electrolyte is 2.35 gm amp^-1 sec^-1. Calculate I the amount of the substance deposited when 5 ampere is passed for 10 sec.

The emf of the half cell Cu²⁺_(aq)/ Cu_(s). containing 0.01 M Cu²⁺solution is + 0.301V. Calculate the standard emf of the half cell

How will you calculate solubility product of AgCI which is a sparingly soluble salt?

Write the characteristics of catalysts.

An organic compound A of molecular f formula C₆H₆O gives violet colouration with neutral FeCl₃. Compound A on treatment with metallic Na gives compound B. Compound B on treatment with CO₂ at 400 K under pressure gives C. This product on acidification gives compound D (C₇H₆O₃) which is used in medicine. Identify (A) (B) (C) and D and explain the reactions.

Explain the mechanism involved in the intermolecular dehydration of alcohols to give ethers.

An organic compound 'A' is a sodium salt of phenolic acid with molecular formula C₇H₅O₃Na. 'A' on heating with soda lime gives compound 'B' of molecular formula C₆H₆O. 'B' gives violet colour with neutral ferric chloride. 'B' on treatment with C₆H₅COCI in the presence of NaOH gives an ester 'C'. Identify 'A', 'B' and 'C'. Explain the reactions.

Explain the mechanism of Cannizaro reaction.

An organic compound A (C₇H₆O) forms a bisulphite. A when treated with alcoholic KCN forms B (C₁₄H₁₂O₂) and A on refluxing with sodium acetate and acetic anhydride forms an add C (C₉H_sO₂). Identify A, B and C. Explain the conversion of A to B and C.

Compound (A) with molecular formula C₂H₄O reduces Tollen's reagent. (A) On treatment with HCN gives compound (B). Compound (B) on hydrolysis with an acid gives compound (C) with molecular formula C₃H₆O₃ which is an optically active compound. Compound (A) on reduction with N₂H/C₂H_sONa gives a hydrocarbon (D) of molecular formula C₂H₆. Identify (A), (B), (C) and (D) and explain the reactions.

What happens when ethylamine is treated with
(i) CHCl₃/NaOH
(ii) CS₂
(iii) C₆H₅CHO.

Elucidate the structure of glucose.

Explain the classification of polymers based on their structure and mode of synthesis.