What are cathode rays?

What is meant by excitation energy?

Define the ionization energy and ionization potential.

Write down the draw backs of Bohr atom model.

What is distance of closest approach?

Define impact parameter.

Write a general notation of nucleus of element X. What does each term denote?

What is isotope? Give an example.

What is isotone? Give an example.

What is isobar? Give an example.

Define atomic mass unit u.

Show that nuclear density is almost constant for nuclei with Z > 10.

What is mass defect?

What is binding energy of a nucleus? Give its expression.

Calculate the energy equivalent of 1 atomic mass unit.

Give the physical meaning of binding energy per nucleon.

What is meant by radioactivity?

Give the symbolic representation of alpha decay, beta decay and gamma decay.

In alpha decay, why the unstable nucleus emits \(_{ 2 }^{ 4 }{ He }\) nucleus? Why it does not emit four separate nucleons?

What is mean life of a radio active nucleus? Give the expression.

What is half-life of a radio active nucleus? Give the expression.

What is meant by activity or decay rate? Give its unit.

Define curie.

What are the constituent particles of neutron and proton?

Consider two hydrogen atoms H_A and H_B in ground state. Assume that hydrogen atom H_A is at rest and hydrogen atom H_B is moving with a speed and make head-on collision with the stationary hydrogen atom H_A. After the collision, both of them move together. What is minimum value of the kinetic energy of the moving hydrogen atom H_B, such that any one of the hydrogen atoms reaches first excitation state.

In the Bohr atom model, the frequency of transitions is given by the following expression \(v=Rc\left( \frac { 1 }{ { n }^{ 2 } } -\frac { 1 }{ { m }^{ 2 } } \right) \), where n < m, Consider the following transitions:

Transitions	m➝n
1	3➝2
2	2➝1
3	3➝1

Show that the frequency of these transitions obey sum rule (which is known as Ritz combination principle) 

Assuming that energy released by the fission of a single  \(_{ 92 }^{ 235 }{ U }\) nucleus is 200MeV, calculate the number of fissions per second required to produce 1-watt power.

Show that the mass of radium \((_{ 88 }^{ 226 }{ Ra })\) with an activity of 1 curie is almost a gram. Given T_1/2 = 1600 years.

Characol pieces of tree is found from an archeological site. The carbon-14 content of this characol is only 17.5% that of equivalent sample of carbon from a living tree. What is the age of tree?

The radius of the 5^th orbit of hydrogen atom is 13.25 Å. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of the electron orbitting in the 5^th orbit.

Calculate the average atomic mass of chlorine if no distinction is made between its different isotopes?

Calculate the radius of  \(_{ 79 }^{ 197 }{ Au }\) Au nucleus.

Calculate the density of the nucleus with mass number A.

Compute the binding energy of  \(_{ 2 }^{ 4 }{ He }\) nucleus using the following data: Atomic mass of Helium atom M_A(He) = 4.00260u and that of hydrogen atom, m_H = 1.00785u.

Compute the binding energy per nucleon of  \(_{ 2 }^{ 4 }{ He }\) nucleus.

Calculate the number of nuclei of carbon-14 undecayed after 22,920 years if the initial number of carbon-14 atoms is 10,000. The half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 years.

Calculate the amount of energy released when 1 kg of \(_{ 92 }^{ 235 }{ U }\) undergoes fission reaction.